DANH SÁCH NGỮ PHÁP
| Structure | Example | Your own sentence ( Student’s homework ) |
| Like/love/hate/don’t like/don’t mind +V-ing | I don’t like learning history because it’s not useful to me. | |
| A past habit / state : Used to + base form verb | I used to live in Dalat. I didn’t used to speak English. | |
| S+prefer doing sth to doing sth. S+prefer sth to sth | I prefer eating in restaurants to eating at home. I prefer Vietnamese food to McDonalds. | |
| S+like sth more than sth | I like hamburgers more than rice . | |
| S+like sth as much as sth | I like McDonalds as much as KFC. | |
| Adverbs of frequency : always usually normally / generally often / frequently sometimes occasionally seldom hardly ever / rarely never | I always go to bed before 11 p.m. I occasionally eat junk food. I often surf the internet. I sometimes forget my wife’s birthday. I occasionally eat junk food. I hardly ever drink alcohol. I never swim in the sea. | |
| S + V + comparative adjective + than + O | This box is smaller than the one I lost. I want to have a more powerful computer. You play tennis better than I do. | |
| S + V + the + superlative adjective + O | This is the smallest box I’ve ever seen. Today is the worst day I’ve had in a long time. | |
| Contractions with I, you, he, she, it, we, and they | ’m = am (I’m) ’re = are (you’re, we’re, they’re) ’s = is and has (he’s, she’s, it’s) ’ve = have (’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve) ’ll = will (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll) ’d = had and would (I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, we’d, they’d) | |
| Contractions with auxiliary verb and not The contraction for not is n’t: | aren’t=are not (we aren’t, you aren’t) can’t=cannot couldn’t=could not didn’t=did not (I didn’t, they didn’t) hasn’t=has not haven’t=have not isn’t=is not (she isn’t, it isn’t) mustn’t=must not shan’t=shall not shouldn’t=should not wasn’t=was not weren’t=were not won’t=will not wouldn’t=would not | |
| S+would love to+base form verb+time maker | I would love to take an MBA course in the future. | |
| S+hope to+base form verb+time marker | I hope to run my own business someday. | |
| One of my goal/dreams+is+to+base form verb | One of my goal is to study overseas. | |
| I aim to+base form verb+time maker | I aim to learn Spanish one day. | |
| Giving advice : S+should+base form verb = S+ought to+base form verb | We should not build any more roads through it. We ought to do things to encourage nature lovers to visit the forest. | |
| Countable nouns : some, a/an, any or how many, A lot of (or lots of), a few | an apple, two apples, three apples,… There’s a man at the door. I have some friends in New York. I don’t have a dog. There aren’t any seats. Is there an email address to write to? Are there any chairs? How many chairs are there? There are lots of apples on the trees. I have a few ideas. | |
| Uncountable nouns : some, any or how much, A lot of (or lots of), a little | air, rice, water,… There’s some milk in the fridge. There isn’t any coffee. Is there any sugar? How much orange juice is there? There is a lot of snow on the road. | |
| Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses : and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so | Jack and Jill went up the hill. The water was warm, but I didn’t go swimming. | |
| Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause : although, because, since, unless | I went swimming although it was cold | |
| Present perfect : S+have/has + past participle | They’ve been married for nearly fifty years. I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager. Have you ever met George? Yes, but I’ve never met his wife. | |
| S+will+base form verb | I will definitely pass the IELTS test. | |
| Relative clauses give us more information about someone or something. We can use relative clauses to combine clauses without repeating information : Subject : who, which, that Object : who/whom, which, which Possessive : whose, whose, – | The couple posted a Christmas present to their daughter. Their daughter lives in South Africa. 🡪 The couple posted a Christmas present to their daughter, who lives in South Africa. | |
| who and whom for people | Marie Curie is the woman who discovered radium. | |
| which for things | I met Rebecca in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise. | |
| that for people or things. | Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium. | |
| whose as the possessive form of who | This is George, whose brother went to school with me. | |
| Modal verbs : We use modals to show if we believe something is certain, possible or impossible. S+would/could /may/might+base form verb | My keys must be in the car. It might rain tomorrow. That can’t be Peter’s coat. It’s too small. | |
| Modal verbs : We also use them to do things like talk about ability, ask permission, and make requests and offers: | I can’t swim. May I ask a question? Could I have some tea, please? Would you like some help? | |
| Purpose with to, in order to and so as to Use so as not to and in order not to to express purpose in the negative form | He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money. She wakes up early in order to be on time to work. They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife. They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife. They woke up early in order not to be late. She exercises regularly so as not to get fat. He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission. |
Relative Clauses: (mệnh đề quan hệ)
+ defining: xác định (đề cập thông tin quan trọng của đối tượng được nói đến, khi bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ làm thay đổi ý nghĩa của cả câu.)
+ non-defining: không xác định (thông tin được bổ sung thêm không quan trọng, khi bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ vẫn không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa của cả câu. Các mệnh đề được ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Thời gian + when | My grandparents remember the day when they first met. |
| Nơi chốn + where | That’s the shop where my neighbor works. |
| Vật + which / that | Did you like the poster which/ that I bought to you? |
| Người + who / that | I think people who/ that speak three languages are clever. |
| Người + whose | Is that the man whose dog saved the little girl? |
Temporals (liên từ thời gian)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Main clause + when/ until/ the moment/ as soon as/ before/ after/ by the time + clause (simple tense) | Michael will call as soon as he has any news. When we go to Italy, we’ll visit our cousins. |
Be going to: sẽ (kế hoạch trong tương lai, có thời gian cụ thể)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + am/ is/ are + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu) | I am going to take a Math exam next week. |
| S + am/ is/ are + not + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | He is not going to swim at the beach this summer. |
| (Wh- question) + am/is/are + S + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu)? | What are they going to do this weekend? |
Future simple tense (thì tương lai đơn, dự đoán hoặc quyết định làm gì ngay lúc nói)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + will + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | I will get a taxi. |
| S + will + not + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | He will not (won’t) help me. |
| Will + S + V (động từ nguyên mẫu)? | Will you buy a drink? |
Conditionals: zero & first (Câu điều kiện loại 0 và 1)
Câu điều kiện loại 0: diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ.
Câu điều kiện loại 1: diễn tả điều có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| If (how/when) + present simple, present simple/ present perfect. | If you have a phone, you don’t need a camera. |
| If (how/ when) + present simple, future simple | If you go camping, you will need a tent. |
Second conditional (điều kiện loại 2: diễn tả điều không thể xảy ra trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| If + past simple, I + would + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | If I won Wimbledon, I’d be famous. |
Past perfect simple (Quá khứ hoàn thành)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + had + V (quá khứ phân từ) S + hadn’t (had not) + V (quá khứ phân từ). Had + S + V (quá khứ phân từ)? | I had spoken. I had not spoken. Had I spoken? |
Past perfect continuous (Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + had been + V- ing. S + hadn’t been + V- ing. Had + S + been + V- ing? | He had been talking. He had not been talking. Had he been talking? |
Question Tags (câu hỏi đuôi)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + special verb….., special verb + not + S? | You are a student, aren’t you? She has just bought a new bicycle, hasn’t she? |
| S + special verb + not….., special verb + S? | He didn’t come here, did he? They hadn’t met you before, had they? |
| S + modal verb ……………. , modal verb + not + S? | He can speak English, can’t he? |
| S + modal verb + not …………… , modal verb + S? | Sue won’t go to school this afternoon, will she? |
Modals (động từ khiếm khuyết) & Semi Modal (động từ bán khiếm khuyết)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + could/ may/ might/ must/ can’t + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). việc nào đó chắc chắn xảy ra/ không xảy ra. | Harry could be in the library. I may travel abroad next year. |
| S + can/ could/ be able to + V. có thể (làm gì) | She has to go to the supermarket. You need to go to bed earlier. |
| S + should/ shouldn’t/ ought to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). lời khuyên | You should eat more fruit and vegetables. |
Modals & Semi modals
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + can, could, may + V (động từ nguyên mẫu): yêu cầu, đề nghị | Can I go to the party, please? Could you get me a glass of water, please? |
| S + must/mustn’t/ have to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu): bắt buộc | I must make some snacks for the party. You have to be at the sports club by 7 o’clock. |
| S + needn’t/ not have to+ V (động từ nguyên mẫu): không cần thiết phải làm | You needn’t buy any milk because there’s some in the fridge. You don’t have to go to the festival if you don’t want to. |
Passive voice (câu bị động)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + (have/has/ had/will) + tobe + V (quá khứ phân từ) + (by/ with + O). | Cameras are used in shops to help prevent crime. |
| by + the agent | The new worker will be shown around the factory by the manager. |
| with + tool/ material | The computer has been cleaned with a special brush. |
Passive voice (câu bị động): Gerunds, Infinitives & Modal Verbs
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S+V1 + being + V2 (quá khứ phân từ). | I imagine being watched by cameras are not relevant. |
| S+V1 + to be + V2 (quá khứ phân từ) | The scientist decided to be involved in the project. |
| S + modal verbs + be + V (quá khứ phân từ) | The public should be told about the dangers of mobile phones. |
Reported Speech: Statements (câu tường thuật)
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Hiện tại đơn | Quá khứ đơn | I like ice cream. she said that she liked ice cream |
| Hiện tại tiếp diễn | Quá khứ tiếp diễn | I am living in London. She said (that) she was living in London. |
| Quá khứ đơn | Quá khứ hoàn thành | I bought a car. She said that she had bought a car |
| Hiện tại hoàn thành | I haven’t seen Julie. She said that she hadn’t seen Julie | |
| Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn | Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn | I was walking along the street. She said (that) she had been walking along the street. |
| Quá khứ tiếp diễn | ||
| Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn | ||
| Going to | was/ were going to | I am going to do the final exam next week. She said that she was going to do the final exam the following |
| Will | Conditional 1 | I will see you later.She said that she would see me later |
| Modal verbs | Doesn’t change | I should call your mother. She said that she should call her mother |
| Today | that day | I am happy today. He said (that) he was happy that day. |
| now | Then | |
| yesterday | the day before | I visited New York yesterday. He said (that) he had visited New York the day before. |
| …days ago | …days before |
| last week | the week before | ‘I went to a great concert last week,’ Kathy said. Kathy said (that) she had been to a great concert the week before. |
| next year | the following year | |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day | |
| here | There | I’ve lived here for a long time.he said that he had lived there for along time |
| this | That | I bought this book in the bookstore. He said (that) he had bought that book in the bookstore. |
| these | those |
Reported Speech: Questions, Commands & Requests (câu hỏi, câu đề nghị tường thuật)
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp | Example (Ví dụ) |
| động từ + S + V? Yes/ No- question + S + V? | Wh-question + trợ …wh-question + S + (trợ động từ) + V (động từ lùi 1 thì so với câu trực tiếp) …whether/ if S + V (động từ lùi 1 thì so với câu trực tiếp) | “Why don’t you speak English?’’He asked me why I didn’t speak English “Do you speak English?’’ He asked me whether/ if I spoke English. |
| Câu mệnh lệnh | …to V… …not to V… | “Nancy, do the exercise.’’ He told Nancy to do her exerciseTeacher: “Don’t talk to your friend.’’ The teacher told me not to talk to my friend. |
Causative (ai đó làm dịch vụ gì cho chúng ta)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + had/ have/ has + O + V (quá khứ phân từ) | The student will have his essay checked. |
Gerunds (động từ thêm – ing)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Giới từ + V-ing | John is interested in studying biology. |
| Avoid/ worth/ love/ enjoy/ can’t help/ can’t afford/… V-ing…. | The teacher avoids shouting at students. |
| …spend…. + V-ing…. | Teachers and children spend time in nature looking for some things. |
Infinitives (động từ thêm to)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Mô tả mục đích | They went to the exhibition to see the latest. |
| Theo sau các tính từ: afraid, scared, happy, glad, sad,… | Jenny was very happy to finish university this year. |
| Cấu trúc …too/ enough…to… | He was too busy to go out. |
| Sau một số động từ và cụm từ | James wants to become an engineer. |
Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs: so sánh của tính từ và trạng từ
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| So sánh nhất: the + most + long adj/ adv the + short adj + est | Grandad’s moustache is the longest I have ever seen. |
| So sánh hơn: more + long adj/ adv + than short adj + er + than | Paul’s feet are bigger than his father’s feet. |
| So sánh bằng/ không bằng: (not) + as/ so + adj/ adv + as | Lucy can run as fast as Beth. My brother isn’t as tall as Dad. |
Qua danh sách ngữ pháp IELTS 7.0, A+ English mong các bạn sẽ chuẩn bị tốt cho kì thi của mình!
