DANH SÁCH NGỮ PHÁP
PRESENT SIMPLE (HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| I/ We/ You/ They + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). He/ She/ It + V (động từ thêm s/es) | I ride my bike every day. Betty always brushes her hair with it. |
| He/ She/ It + does not (doesn’t) + V (động từ nguyên mẫu) I/ You/ We/ They + do not (don’t) + V (động từ nguyên mẫu) | My grandmother doesn’t eat pizza at night. Her fingers don’t get cold. |
| Do + I/ we/ you/ they + V (động từ nguyên mẫu)? Does + he/ she/ it + V (động từ nguyên mẫu)? | Do you play video games in your classroom sometimes? Where does Kim have lunch? |
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + be (am/ is/ are) + V-ing. | The woman is cutting some bread. Dad and Daisy are talking about the noisy party last night. |
| S + be (am/ is/ are) + not + V-ing. | He isn’t eating pizza. They aren’t talking to their grandpa. |
| Be (Am/ Is/ Are) + S + V-ing? | Are you doing homework, Jack? |
PAST SIMPLE TENSE (QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + V-ed/2 (động từ quá khứ thêm ed hoặc cột 2) | Sofia carried her school things in the bag. Her grandmother made the apple pie. |
| S + did not (didn’t) + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | He didn’t have to go to school last Monday. |
| Did + S + V (động từ nguyên mẫu)? | Did he go to school yesterday? |
PAST CONTINUOUS (QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| We/ You/ They + were + V-ing. I/ He/ She/ It + was + V-ing. | They were practicing English at that time. Yesterday, Mr. Moore was working in the lab all the afternoon. |
| We/ You/ They + were not (weren’t) + V-ing. I/ He/ She/ It + was not (wasn’t not) + V-ing. | We weren’t speaking. He wasn’t speaking. |
| Were + we/ you/ they + V-ing? Was + I/ He/ She/ It + V-ing? | What were you doing from 3 p.m to 6 p.m yesterday? What was she doing when you saw her? |
PRESENT PERFECT (HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| I/ We/ You/ They + have + V3 (quá khứ phân từ) He/ She/ It + has + V3 (quá khứ phân từ) | I have just seen my sister in the park. She has finished her homework recently. |
| I/ We/ You/ They + have not (haven’t) + V3 (quá khứ phân từ) He/ She/ It + has not (hasn’t) + V3 (quá khứ phân từ) | We haven’t gone to Hanoi. Mary hasn’t done her homework. |
| Have + I/ We/ You/ They + V3 (quá khứ phân từ)? Has + he/ she/ it + V3 (quá khứ phân từ)? | Have you ever been to America? Has he read that novel? |
BE GOING TO (TƯƠNG LAI GẦN)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + be (am/ is/ are) + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | I am going to speak. |
| S + be (am/ is/ are) + not + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | I am not going to speak. |
| Be (am/ is/ are) + S + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu)? | Are you going to speak? |
FUTURE SIMPLE (TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + will + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | You will have an unusual train journey on Friday. |
| S + will not (won’t) + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | You won’t go sledding in the mountains. |
| Will + S + v (động từ nguyên mẫu)? | Will you visit your grandma next week? |
be used to (hành động đã trở nên quen thuộc): đã quen với
get used to: đã dần quen với
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + be used to / get used to + V – ing. | I am used to eating healthy food He got used to American food. |
Present perfect simple (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| (+) S + has/ have + V (quá khứ phân từ) (-) S + has/ have + not + V (quá khứ phân từ) (?) Have/ Has + S + V (quá khứ phân từ)? | (+) The scientist has won many prizes. (-) The students haven’t completed a project on the environment yet. (?) Have you finished your homework? |
Present perfect continuous (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| (+) S + has/ have + been + V-ing. (-) S + has/ have + not + been + V- ing. (?) Have/ Has + S + been + V-ing? | (+) We have been recycling for many years. (-) I haven’t been studying English for 5 years. (?) Has he been typing the report since this morning? |
Relative Clauses: (mệnh đề quan hệ)
+ defining: xác định (đề cập thông tin quan trọng của đối tượng được nói đến, khi bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ làm thay đổi ý nghĩa của cả câu.)
+ non-defining: không xác định (thông tin được bổ sung thêm không quan trọng, khi bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ vẫn không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa của cả câu. Các mệnh đề được ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Thời gian + when | My grandparents remember the day when they first met. |
| Nơi chốn + where | That’s the shop where my neighbor works. |
| Vật + which / that | Did you like the poster which/ that I bought to you? |
| Người + who / that | I think people who/ that speak three languages are clever. |
| Người + whose | Is that the man whose dog saved the little girl? |
Temporals (liên từ thời gian)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Main clause + when/ until/ the moment/ as soon as/ before/ after/ by the time + clause (simple tense) | Michael will call as soon as he has any news. When we go to Italy, we’ll visit our cousins. |
Be going to: sẽ (kế hoạch trong tương lai, có thời gian cụ thể)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + am/ is/ are + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu) | I am going to take a Math exam next week. |
| S + am/ is/ are + not + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | He is not going to swim at the beach this summer. |
| (Wh- question) + am/is/are + S + going to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu)? | What are they going to do this weekend? |
| Future simple tense (thì tương lai đơn, dự đoán hoặc quyết định làm gì ngay lúc nói) | |
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + will + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | I will get a taxi. |
| S + will + not + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | He will not (won’t) help me. |
| Will + S + V (động từ nguyên mẫu)? | Will you buy a drink? |
Conditionals: zero & first (Câu điều kiện loại 0 và 1)
Câu điều kiện loại 0: diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ.
Câu điều kiện loại 1: diễn tả điều có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| If (how/when) + present simple, present simple/ present perfect. | If you have a phone, you don’t need a camera. |
| If (how/ when) + present simple, future simple | If you go camping, you will need a tent. |
Second conditional (điều kiện loại 2: diễn tả điều không thể xảy ra trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| If + past simple, I + would + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). | If I won Wimbledon, I’d be famous. |
Past perfect simple (Quá khứ hoàn thành)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + had + V (quá khứ phân từ) S + hadn’t (had not) + V (quá khứ phân từ). Had + S + V (quá khứ phân từ)? | I had spoken. I had not spoken. Had I spoken? |
Past perfect continuous (Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + had been + V- ing. S + hadn’t been + V- ing. Had + S + been + V- ing? | He had been talking. He had not been talking. Had he been talking? |
Question Tags (câu hỏi đuôi)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + special verb….., special verb + not + S? | You are a student, aren’t you? She has just bought a new bicycle, hasn’t she? |
| S + special verb + not….., special verb + S? | He didn’t come here, did he? They hadn’t met you before, had they? |
| S + modal verb ……………. , modal verb + not + S? | He can speak English, can’t he? |
| S + modal verb + not …………… , modal verb + S? | Sue won’t go to school this afternoon, will she? |
Modals (động từ khiếm khuyết) & Semi Modal (động từ bán khiếm khuyết)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + could/ may/ might/ must/ can’t + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). việc nào đó chắc chắn xảy ra/ không xảy ra. | Harry could be in the library. I may travel abroad next year. |
| S + can/ could/ be able to + V. có thể (làm gì) | She has to go to the supermarket. You need to go to bed earlier. |
| S + should/ shouldn’t/ ought to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu). lời khuyên | You should eat more fruit and vegetables. |
Modals & Semi modals
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + can, could, may + V (động từ nguyên mẫu): yêu cầu, đề nghị | Can I go to the party, please? Could you get me a glass of water, please? |
| S + must/mustn’t/ have to + V (động từ nguyên mẫu): bắt buộc | I must make some snacks for the party. You have to be at the sports club by 7 o’clock. |
| S + needn’t/ not have to+ V (động từ nguyên mẫu): không cần thiết phải làm | You needn’t buy any milk because there’s some in the fridge. You don’t have to go to the festival if you don’t want to. |
Passive voice (câu bị động)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + (have/has/ had/will) + tobe + V (quá khứ phân từ) + (by/ with + O). | Cameras are used in shops to help prevent crime. |
| by + the agent | The new worker will be shown around the factory by the manager. |
| with + tool/ material | The computer has been cleaned with a special brush. |
Passive voice (câu bị động): Gerunds, Infinitives & Modal Verbs
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S+V1 + being + V2 (quá khứ phân từ). | I imagine being watched by cameras are not relevant. |
| S+V1 + to be + V2 (quá khứ phân từ) | The scientist decided to be involved in the project. |
| S + modal verbs + be + V (quá khứ phân từ) | The public should be told about the dangers of mobile phones. |
Reported Speech: Statements (câu tường thuật)
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Hiện tại đơn | Quá khứ đơn | I like ice cream. she said that she liked ice cream |
| Hiện tại tiếp diễn | Quá khứ tiếp diễn | I am living in London. She said (that) she was living in London. |
| Quá khứ đơn | Quá khứ hoàn thành | I bought a car. She said that she had bought a car |
| Hiện tại hoàn thành | I haven’t seen Julie. She said that she hadn’t seen Julie | |
| Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn | Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn | I was walking along the street. She said (that) she had been walking along the street. |
| Quá khứ tiếp diễn | ||
| Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn | ||
| Going to | was/ were going to | I am going to do the final exam next week. She said that she was going to do the final exam the following |
| Will | Conditional 1 | I will see you later.She said that she would see me later |
| Modal verbs | Doesn’t change | I should call your mother. She said that she should call her mother |
| Today | that day | I am happy today. He said (that) he was happy that day. |
| now | Then | |
| yesterday | the day before | I visited New York yesterday. He said (that) he had visited New York the day before. |
| …days ago | …days before |
| last week | the week before | ‘I went to a great concert last week,’ Kathy said. Kathy said (that) she had been to a great concert the week before. |
| next year | the following year | |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day | |
| here | There | I’ve lived here for a long time.he said that he had lived there for along time |
| this | That | I bought this book in the bookstore. He said (that) he had bought that book in the bookstore. |
| these | those |
Reported Speech: Questions, Commands & Requests (câu hỏi, câu đề nghị tường thuật)
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp | Example (Ví dụ) |
| động từ + S + V? Yes/ No- question + S + V? | Wh-question + trợ …wh-question + S + (trợ động từ) + V (động từ lùi 1 thì so với câu trực tiếp) …whether/ if S + V (động từ lùi 1 thì so với câu trực tiếp) | “Why don’t you speak English?’’He asked me why I didn’t speak English “Do you speak English?’’ He asked me whether/ if I spoke English. |
| Câu mệnh lệnh | …to V… …not to V… | “Nancy, do the exercise.’’ He told Nancy to do her exerciseTeacher: “Don’t talk to your friend.’’ The teacher told me not to talk to my friend. |
Causative (ai đó làm dịch vụ gì cho chúng ta)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| S + had/ have/ has + O + V (quá khứ phân từ) | The student will have his essay checked. |
Gerunds (động từ thêm – ing)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Giới từ + V-ing | John is interested in studying biology. |
| Avoid/ worth/ love/ enjoy/ can’t help/ can’t afford/… V-ing…. | The teacher avoids shouting at students. |
| …spend…. + V-ing…. | Teachers and children spend time in nature looking for some things. |
Infinitives (động từ thêm to)
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| Mô tả mục đích | They went to the exhibition to see the latest. |
| Theo sau các tính từ: afraid, scared, happy, glad, sad,… | Jenny was very happy to finish university this year. |
| Cấu trúc …too/ enough…to… | He was too busy to go out. |
| Sau một số động từ và cụm từ | James wants to become an engineer. |
Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs: so sánh của tính từ và trạng từ
| Structure (Cấu trúc) | Example (Ví dụ) |
| So sánh nhất: the + most + long adj/ adv the + short adj + est | Grandad’s moustache is the longest I have ever seen. |
| So sánh hơn: more + long adj/ adv + than short adj + er + than | Paul’s feet are bigger than his father’s feet. |
| So sánh bằng/ không bằng: (not) + as/ so + adj/ adv + as | Lucy can run as fast as Beth. My brother isn’t as tall as Dad. |
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